Introduction

Alexander the Great, one of history's most renowned conquerors, was renowned not only for his strategical brilliance but also for his military diversity. Among his arsenal of weaponry were the slingers, a versatile and effective weapon used in both open battles and siege warfare. The slingers played a significant role in his campaigns, particularly in the War against the Triballians, against the Persians, at Issus, and during the assault on Gaza.

The Role of Slingers in Early Campaigns

As early as his campaign against the Triballians, Alexander recognized the value of slingers. According to the historian Arrian, in his treatise Anabasis of Alexander, Alexander deployed these slingers alongside other archers and javelin-throwers to counteract the barbaric forces. In this instance, Alexander led the slingers and archers forward to discharge missiles at the opposing forces. This strategy demonstrated not only the immediate effectiveness of these weapons but also Alexander's tactical foresight.

Contrasting Preparations at Issus

Arrian's account of the battle of Issus further underscores the significance of slingers. Alexander emphasized the difference in preparation between himself and the former Greek forces under Xenophon's leadership. While Xenophon had a small number of slingers gathered at the last moment, Alexander boasted a more substantial and prepared contingent of these troops. The slingers, including the highly regarded Rhodian slingers, were evidently more than a match for the Scythian horse archers.

Slingers in Siege Warfare

The impact of slingers extended beyond open field battles to include siege warfare. The raid on the walls of Gaza exemplifies this. Simultaneously with the infantry assault, slingers, archers, and thunderbolt throwers hurled missiles, clearing the defenders from the walls quickly due to the sheer volume of projectiles. This highlighted the versatility and effectiveness of slingers in close quarters combat.

Shifting Tactics Against Horse Archers

The battle against the Scythian horse archers at Gaugamela provides a vivid example of slingers' strategic importance. First, Alexander tasked the archers and slingers with engaging the horse archers to prevent them from advancing. Once the cavalry had crossed the river, Alexander deployed a regiment of Greek auxiliaries and 4 squadrons of pikemen as a first line of defense. The slingers and archers were used in conjunction with light troops under Balacrus' command to fend off the horse archers effectively.

Continued Use Throughout Campaigns

Throughout his campaigns, including the Indian campaign, Alexander the Great did not dismiss the importance of slingers. Although specific mentions are sparse, slingers were likely included in his forces, as is evidenced by the consistent use of arciers, javelin throwers, and light troops in other battles. In the absence of direct mention, it's reasonable to assume slingers were an integral part of his military strategy at Gaugamela.

Conclusion

The slingers were a crucial component of Alexander the Great's military arsenal, playing a significant role in various aspects of warfare. Their effectiveness in both open battles and sieges, particularly against Scythian horse archers, makes their inclusion in Gaugamela unlikely to have been omitted by Arrian. Their continued use and portrayal in other battles underscores their essential role in achieving Alexander's strategic objectives.