The Chords and Scales of the Iconic 1960s Psychedelic Rock and Beat Music
The 1960s, a decade that saw profound social, cultural, and musical changes, is especially remembered for its distinctive sound. Psychedelic rock and beat music became hallmarks of the era, characterized by certain chords and scales that created a dreamy and introspective atmosphere. This article explores the chords, scales, and techniques that contributed to the iconic 1960s sound.
Chords
At the heart of the 1960s sound are a variety of chords that add color and depth to melodies and harmonies.
Seventh Chords
Seventh chords are widely used to create a dreamy and jazzy feel. These chords are commonly denoted by Cmaj7 or Dmaj7. For example, in the song 'Norwegian Wood' by The Beatles, Cmaj7 is frequently employed to provide that ethereal quality.
Minor 7th Chords
Minor 7th chords bring a somber or introspective sound to music. Examples of these are Am7 or Dm7. This can be heard in the introspective melodies of The Byrds' 'Eight Miles High' where Dm7 is used effectively.
Extended Chords
Extended chords, such as ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth chords, add complexity and depth. While C9 and D9 provide rich harmonies, C13 and similar chords are used sparingly to create a sense of grandeur. In Pink Floyd's 'See Emily Play', D13 is utilized to enhance the song's mystical quality.
Suspended Chords
Suspended chords, such as Csus2 or Csus4, introduce a sense of tension and resolution. These chords can be heard in The Beatles' song 'A Hard Day's Night'. The use of Csus4 creates a tension that is resolved when it transitions to C.
Power Chords
Power chords are commonly used in rock music. These are simple two-note chords that emphasize the root and fifth, such as G5 or D5. In tracks like 'Come Together' by The Beatles, the opening line features a barrage of G5 power chords.
Uncommon Chord Progressions
Uncommon chord progressions like I-IV-V, ii-V-I, or variations with modal interchange greatly contribute to the unique sound of the period. Albums like Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and Revolver by The Beatles are filled with such progressions, creating a tapestry of sonic experimentation.
Scales
Scales form the basis for melodies and harmonies in the 1960s sound.
Major and Minor Scales
These are the most basic foundations for most melodies and harmonies. They provide the essential framework that musicians build upon.
Pentatonic Scales
Both major and minor pentatonic scales are frequently used in guitar solos and riffs. The major pentatonic scale can be heard in the bluesy riffs of 'All My Loving' by The Beatles, while the minor pentatonic is prevalent in The Byrds' jangly guitar sound.
Blues Scale
The blues scale adds a distinctive and soulful quality to melodies. In Pink Floyd's 'Interstellar Overdrive', the use of a blues scale creates a memorable and emotive passage.
Dorian and Mixolydian Modes
The Dorian mode is a minor scale with a raised sixth, prevalent in many 60s songs. It offers a jazzy and modal sound. The Mixolydian mode, a major scale with a lowered seventh, is characteristic of more relaxed and open sounds. The Beatles' 'Help!' uses the Mixolydian mode prominently in the guitar solo.
Whole Tone Scale
The whole tone scale is used for creating a dreamy and surreal quality. Pink Floyd's 'Echoes' showcases the use of this scale, contributing to the song's ethereal atmosphere.
Techniques and Effects
Techniques and effects played a significant role in shaping the 1960s sound.
Reverb and Delay
Reverb and delay effects create a spacious and atmospheric sound, essential for the dreamy quality of the 1960s music. In The Beatles' 'Tomorrow Never Knows', the use of reverb and delay is prominent, helping to create the song's psychedelic feel.
Fuzz and Distortion
Fuzz and distortion are common in guitar tones, providing a gritty and textured sound. Hendrix's 'Purple Haze' is a prime example of this, with its trademark distorted guitar riffs.
Notable Artists and Songs
Several artists and their songs exemplify the 1960s sound through their chord progressions and techniques.
The Beatles
Albums like Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and Revolver showcase many of these elements. The former album’s opening track 'Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds' uses a variety of chord progressions and effects, while tracks like 'Within You Without You' feature extended and complex chords.
The Byrds
The Byrds are renowned for their jangly guitar sound and harmonies. Songs like 'Turn! Turn! Turn!' and 'Eight Miles High' exemplify the 60s vibe, with their use of major and minor chords, and intricate harmonies.
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd’s early work, especially The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, is rich in psychedelic sounds and scales. Tracks like 'Astronomy Domine' showcase the use of the whole tone scale and complex chord progressions, creating a unique and dreamy atmosphere.
Conclusion
The 1960s sound is a rich tapestry of harmonic and melodic elements that reflect the era's experimentation and creativity. Musicians combined these chords, scales, and techniques to create the iconic sound that defined the decade. Whether through the use of seventh chords, uncommon progressions, or atmospheric effects, the 60s saw an era of musical innovation and exploration.