What is the First Purpose-Built Aircraft Carrier?

Determining the first purpose-built aircraft carrier is not always straightforward, as the definitions of 'purpose-built' and 'commissioned' can vary. However, this article delves into the history and significance of two early carriers: IJN Hōshō and HMS Hermes. Both have their proponents, with each having a unique place in aviation history.

IJN Hōshō: Japan's Pioneering Carrier

IJN Hōshō, commissioned on December 1922, was the first purpose-built aircraft carrier to enter service. Despite starting construction in 1920, Hōshō's completion in 1922 cemented its place in naval history. At 552 feet long (168 meters) and with a displacement of 9,646 tons, Hōshō was equipped with four 5.5-inch (14 cm) guns in casement mounts and two single 3-inch (76 mm) dual mounts. Her maximum speed was 26.7 knots, and she could accommodate 15 aircraft. This carrier played a crucial role in Japan's early naval aviation and contributed to the construction of more famous fleet carriers like Akagi and Kaga. Unfortunately, Hōshō's career was limited during World War II, primarily serving in anti-submarine and patrol duties. After the war, she was eventually scrapped in 1945.

HMS Hermes: The British Pioneer

HMS Hermes, launched in 1922 and commissioned in 1924, started construction earlier but was not operational until two years later. Built for the British Royal Navy, Hermes was 600 feet (183 meters) long, 70 feet (21.3 meters) wide, and displaced 13,900 tons. Armament included six 5.5-inch (14 cm) guns on each side and three 4-inch (102 mm) guns, capable of a speed of 26.2 knots. She could carry a total of 20 aircraft. Hermes had a more active career, seeing service during World War II, including a controversial engagement with the French battleship Richelieu in the Dakar Campaign. Sadly, she met her end during a mass air attack by Japanese carriers in the Indian Ocean in 1942.

Historical Context and Debate

The debate over which carrier was the first purpose-built primarily revolves around the timing of start and completion. While Hōshō started first in 1920 and was commissioned in 1922, HMS Hermes was commissioned in 1924. This disparity leads to the question of which deserves the honor of being the first purpose-built carrier. The British and Japanese navies operated both carriers during the inter-war period and each played significant roles in their respective naval strategies.

The careers of both Hōshō and Hermes highlight the rapid evolution of naval aviation during the early 20th century. The former served as a proof of concept for broad carrier designs, while the latter was instrumental in showcasing the operational potential of airpower on the sea. Despite the tragic end of both carriers in World War II, their legacies continue to influence naval architecture and strategy to this day.

Conclusion

The title of the first purpose-built aircraft carrier is a point of contention, but both IJN Hōshō and HMS Hermes make strong claims to this honor. Understanding the nuances of their histories helps us appreciate the significant advancements in naval warfare that these vessels represent. Whether Hōshō or Hermes merits the distinction, their contributions to the evolution of maritime combat were invaluable and form the bedrock of modern carrier design.